Instructor:

Dr. Charles F. Alcocer

Special Note: This course is taught twice a year to PEMEX.

 

Objectives:

1. Determination of  hydrocarbon reserves by using different methods.

2. Study pressure tests and fluid data acquisition in the oil industry

3. Study fluid production mechanisms in the reservoir.

4. Prepare production forecast

5. To obtain recovery factors in the exploitation of gas and/or oil reservoirs

6. Establish alternatives for pressure maintenance and production maintenance

7. To use reservoir engineering software available

8. Introduce Reservoir Mathematical Simulation Techniques

9. Review Reservoir Engineering software for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Pressure Maintenance.

Contents:

1. Introduction

1.1. Scope of the Course and State of the art of Reservoir Engineering

1.2. Instructor and Participants Introduction

1.3. Evaluation (Initial Test)

2. Basic Rock and Rock-Fluid Properties

2.1. Permeability, Porosity, Saturation and Compressibility

2.2. Wettability

2.3. Capillary Pressure

2.4. Relative Permeability

2.4.1. Drainage and Imbibition Concepts Apply to Reservoir Engineering

2.4.2. Mathematical Models to Generate Kro and Krw  Vs Sw Empirical Curves

2.5. Discussion, Examples and Problem solutions

3. Classification of Reservoirs Fluids and Reservoir

• Types of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

• Reservoir Development Decisions That are influenced by Fluid Type

• Role of Chemical Composition in Fluid Behavior

• Phase Diagrams

• Black oil Diagrams

• Volatile Oil Diagram

• Retrograde Gas Condensate Phase Diagram

• Wet Gas Phase Diagram

• Dry Gas Phase Diagram

• Used Production Indicators for Black and Volatile Oils

4. Analysis of Natural  Fluids Displacing Mechanisms in the  Reservoir

• Rock and Fluids Expansion

• Solution Gas Drive

• Gas Cap DriveWater Drive

• Gravity Segregation

• Combine Mechanisms

• Performing 

• Data for Each Reservoir under one or combined Mechanisms   

5. Pressure Acquisition in Reservoir Engineering

5.1. Oil  Well  Testing

5.1.1. What is Well Testing?

5.1.2. Why do we do Well Testing

5.1.3. What is Pressure Transient Analysis

5.1.4. Types of Tests

5.1.4.1. Build-up test ( Example and Application Problem)

5.1.4.2. Falloff Test ( Example and Application Problem)

5.1.4.3. Injection test

5.1.4.4. Multirate Test

5.2. Gas Well Testing

5.3. Datum and Correction of Pressure to the Datum in a Reservoir

5.4. Calculation of Average Reservoir Pressure

5.4.1. Well Average Pressure

5.4.2. Areal Average Pressure

5.4.3. Volumetric Average Pressure

5.5. Example and Problems

6. Fluid Of Flow Trough Porous Media

• Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids

• Linear Flow of Gas Darcy and Poiseuille’s Equation

• Linear Flow throughout Fractures  and Channels Flow Throughout Fractures       

• Flow Throughout Solution Channels

• Radial Flow Systems

• Steady-State Flow

• Pseudosteady-State Flow Dimensionless Pressure

• Radial Laminar Flow of Gas

• Turbulent Flow of Gas

• Friction factor of Porous Rocks Turbulent Radial Flow

• Multi-Permeability rocks

• Layered Reservoir With Crossflow

• Composite Reservoirs Multi-Porosity Rocks

7. Volumetric Calculation and MBA Applied to Gas  Reservoirs

• The Perfect Gas Law

• Specific Gravity of Gases

• Non- Ideal or Real Gases

• Reservoir Gas Volume Factors, Density and Gradients

• Calculating Gas in Place by the Volumetric Method

• Calculating of the Unit recovery From Volumetric Method

• Calculation of Unit Recovery from Gas Reservoir under Water Drive

• Material Balance in Gas Reservoirs

• Limitation of Equation and Errors

• Modern Software Application for Determination IGIP

• For Volumetric Gas reservoirs and under Water Drive. 

8. Volumetric Calculations and MBA Applied to Black Oil   

• Reservoirs

• Gas Solubility

• Formation Volume factors

• Initial Oil in Place by The Volumetric Method and Estimation of Oil 

• Recovery

• The MBA for Volumetric Reservoirs

• Solution gas, VOLUME factors and Compressibility of Formation Waters

• Rock Compressibility

• Calculations Above the Bubble Point, Including Formation and Water   

• Compressibility

9. Generalized Material Balance Equation Applied to Under Simultaneous Dissolved Gas Drive, Gas Cap Drive, and Water Drive

• Mathematical Derivation of the Generalized MBA

• Uses and Limitation of MBA

• Selection of PVT data for MBA Applications

• Flash and Differential Gas Liberation

10. MBA as an Straight Line ( Havlena and Oded Techniques)

 

11. Methods of Production Forecast

• Production Rate Declining Curves Exponential Decline

• Hyperbolic and Harmonic declines

• Productivity Index and IPR        

• MBA as a Predictive Tool

• Mathematical Simulation/ Overview of Reservoir Simulation

• History Matching and Justification of Simulation Run

• Case History and Calculations

12. Pressure Maintenance Mathematical Concept and Water or Gas Injection as  alternatives for Pressure maintenance

• Mathematical Concept of Pressure maintenance

• The Buclkley-Leverett Displacement Theory

• Water Injection Theory and Applications

• Gas Injection Application

• Oil Recovery by Water and Gas Injection Using Computers

• Case History and Application by using Computers

13. Discussion and Conclusions

 

14. Final Test (Optional)

 

Course Duration: 

5 days ( 40 hrs.)